How to Meditate
Simple instructions and answers to common questions about Buddhist meditation.
Photo by Liza Matthews.
How to do basic breath meditation
The foundation of Buddhist meditation practice across traditions.
Whether you’re trying seated meditation for the first time, or just want a refresher in the basics, these instructions are so easy to follow that you can’t go wrong.First, find a quiet and uplifted place where you can do your meditation practice.
Once you’ve done that, just follow these simple instructions; when starting out, see if you can allow 5 minutes for the practice, and increase that amount over time.
- Take your seat. Sit cross-legged on a meditation cushion, or if you prefer, on a straight-backed chair with your feet flat on the floor, without leaning against the back of the chair.
- Find your sitting posture. Place your hands palms-down on your thighs and sit in an upright posture with a straight back—relaxed yet dignified. With your eyes open, let your gaze rest comfortably as you look slightly downward about six feet in front of you.
- Notice and follow your breath. Place your attention lightly on your out-breath, while remaining aware your environment. Be with each breath as the air goes out through your mouth and nostrils and dissolves into the space around you. At the end of each out-breath, simply rest until the next in-breath naturally begins. For a more focused meditation, you can follow both the out-breaths and in-breaths.
- Note the thoughts and feelings that arise. Whenever you notice that a thought, feeling, or perception has taken your attention away from the breath, just say to yourself, “thinking,” and return to following the breath. No need to judge yourself when this happens; just gently note it and attend to your breath and posture.
- After the allotted time, you can consider your meditation practice period over. But there’s no need to give up any sense of calm, mindfulness, or openness you’ve experienced. See if you can consciously allow these to remain present through the rest of your day.
Congratulations -- you’ve just meditated. For more guidance, follow along with the audio version of this meditation while sitting:
Breath meditation is a vital practice in itself, but it also represents the very foundation of all of Buddhist meditation’s varied forms. We’ll get to some of these shortly.
But first: you probably have some questions. So let’s address them.
What is meditation and why do you do it?
Buddhist meditation is done for reasons both practical and profound. Some say meditation is the process of mind seeing its own true nature. Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche wrote that meditation is “a means of working with oneself and the phenomenal world.” The Buddha taught meditation as an essential tool to achieve liberation from suffering. Additionally, we might meditate to specifically cultivate certain positive traits, like friendliness, steadiness, compassion, and joy.Here is a collection of teachings on the meaning of meditation and why we do it.
There are so many different terms for different kinds of meditation. What do they all mean?
There are nuances in the way different schools approach it, but basic Buddhist meditation comes down to two fundamental practices: concentration and insight. These are also called mindfulness and awareness. Many of the terms you have likely heard — shamatha, vipassana, zazen, vipashyana, mindfulness, awareness, calm abiding, insight, and so on — are names for one or both of these practices. Buddhist practice always starts with meditations that calm and concentrate the mind; what often follows is insight, Buddhism’s unique specialty. With the stable, focused, and fully present mind you have developed in your mindfulness practice, you can begin to investigate the nature of reality.Each Buddhist tradition has its own approach to meditation. Here are our most popular teachings from four different traditions. You can try them out and see what feels most appropriate for you. Tip: while it’s perfectly fine to try as many as you like, it’s not unwise to stick with one form for a little while before trying another, so that you have more than one experience by which to judge your affinity for a particular meditation style.
How to Practice Vipassana Insight Meditation
How to do Mindfulness Meditation
How to Practice Zazen
Thich Nhat Hanh on How to Sit in Meditation
How much should I meditate?
As Buddhist teacher Joseph Goldstein has said about meditation, “Something quite extraordinary can happen in even five minutes.” His colleague Sharon Salzberg concurs, explaining: “Usually when people start sitting, we say that five minutes is enough. You don’t have to think, ‘I’ve got to sit here for six hours.’ You don’t have to get into some pretzel-like posture and suffer!” Longtime meditators might sit for 20-45 minutes at a time or even longer. But it’s often said that the best practice is the one you can actually do. So start with a small, truly doable amount of time. You can always increase the length of your meditation later.If you find meditation uncomfortable, don't worry: many people do at first. Where do I put my hands? Should I close my eyes? Am I breathing too heavily? These are all common questions. These tips will help you establish a comfortable, sustainable meditation posture.
How do I start meditating? Do I need to buy anything special?
You might well find that you’ll want a dedicated meditation cushion (commonly known as a zafu) and other accessories to support you in your practice. You may also want to create a dedicated spot for meditation in your home, for example. But as Buddhist teacher Judy Lief says in her guidelines for getting started, even “if you are going it alone, you have the resources you need.”These tips and instructions will encourage and empower you to start, maintain, and build on your meditation practice.
Are there other kinds of meditation?
Breath meditation is the most well-known form of Buddhist meditation, but it’s not the only one. The Buddha taught that we should ideally be able to hold the mind of meditation whether standing, sitting, walking, or lying down. Even everyday events like eating an apple or taking a photo on your smartphone can be opportunities to flex our meditation muscles, and certain types of meditation can help you cultivate positive qualities.Some other popular types of meditation are walking, running, metta, and tonglen. Here are some instructions for meditating in many different ways.
